Self and Self-Esteem

The Theory

Basic SDT research topics

Boulanger, B.Bédard, A.Carbonneau, E., Pelletier, L. G. (2024) Social desirability, dietary intakes, and variables related to attitudes and behaviours towards eating among French-speaking adults from Quebec, Canada: The PREDISE study. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 49(2)

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Bradshaw, E. L.Ferber, K. A., Ryan, R. M. (2024) Seeking solitude skills: Do memories of intrinsic goals enhance enjoyment of alone time?. Journal of Personality, Advance online publication

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Hogue, C. M. (2024) An ego-involving motivational climate can trigger inflammation, a threat appraisal, and basic psychological need frustration in an achievement context. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 46 ,34-49

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Chiu, T. (2024) Using self-determination theory (SDT) to explain student STEM interest and identity development. Instructional Science, 52 ,89-107

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Vermote, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B.Beyers, W. (2024) Which teachers feel good and adopt a motivating teaching style? The role of teaching identity and motivation to teach. Studies in Higher Education, Advance online publication

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Arden, A., Katz, I.Slobodin, O. (2023) Psychological need-based experiences as energizing processes for mothers’ identity formation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32 ,2573–2587

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Clegg, K-A.Levine, S.Zuroff, D. C.Holding, A. C. (2023) A multilevel perspective on self‐determination theory: Predictors and correlates of autonomous and controlled motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 47 ,229-245

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Barberis, N., Costa, S.Castiglione, C. (2023) Xenophobia and Xenophilia, the bright and dark sides of attitude towards foreigners: A Self-Determination Theory approach. Psychological Reports, Advance Online ,1-24

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Lavrijsen, J., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M.Verschueren, K. (2023) When insecure self-worth drains students’ energy: Academic contingent self-esteem and parents’ and teachers’ perceived conditional regard as predictors of school burnout. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 58 ,810-825

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Assor, A., Benita, M.Geifman, Y. (2023) In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The authentic inner compass as an important motivational experience and structure: Antecedents and benefits. (pp. 362-386) Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197600047.013.19

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Schoofs, L. K.Maunz, L. A.Glaser, J. (2023) Multi-level effects of authentic leadership on self-actualization at work – the mediating roles of authentic followership and basic psychological need satisfaction. Current Psychology, Advance online publication

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Chiu, T.Ismailov, M.Zhou, X-Y.Xia, Q. (2023) Using self-determination theory to explain how community-based learning fosters student interest and identity in integrated STEM education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 21 ,109 -130

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Audet, E. C.Levine, S. L.Holding, A. C.Powers, T. A. (2022) Navigating the ups and downs: Peer and family autonomy support during personal goals and crises on identity development. Self and Identity, 21(4) ,456-473

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Saricali, M.Guler, D. (2022) The mediating role of psychological need frustration on the relationship between frustration intolerance and existential loneliness. Current Psychology, 41 ,5603–5611

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Neufeld, A.Babenko, O.Lai, H.Svrcek, C. (2022) Why do we feel like intellectual frauds? A Self-Determination Theory perspective on the impostor phenomenon in medical students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 35(2) ,180-192

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Steffgen, S. T.Otterpohl, N.Wessing, F.Schwinger, M. (2022) The process linking child-invested contingent self-esteem and conditional regard: The roles of maternal anger and its regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, Advance Online

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Di Domenico, S. I.Fournier, M. A.Rodrigo, A. H.Dong, M. (2022) Medial prefrontal activity during self-other judgments is modulated by relationship need fulfillment. Social Neuroscience, 17(3) ,236-245

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Xiao, X.Zheng, X. (2022) The effect of parental phubbing on depression in Chinese junior high school students: The mediating roles of basic psychological needs satisfaction and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 13 ,868354

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Nguyen, T. T., Weinstein, N., Ryan, R. M. (2021) In In. R. J. Coplan, J. C. Bowker, & L. Nelson (Eds.), The possibilities of aloneness and solitude: Developing an understanding framed through the lens of human motivation and needs. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell Press The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone, ,224-239

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Berkovich, I.Gueta, B. (2021) The effect of autonomy-supportive climate in a second chance programme for at-risk youth on dropout risk: The mediating role of adolescents’ sense of authenticity. , European Journal of Psychology of Education doi: 10.1007/s10212-021-00542-4

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Cheng, L.Li, Z.Hao, M.Zhu, X. (2021) Objectification limits authenticity: Exploring the relations between objectification, perceived authenticity, and subjective well-being. British Journal of Social Psychology, Advance Online

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Ntoumanis, N.Stenling, A.Quested, E.Nikitaras, N. (2020) Self-compassion and need frustration moderate the effects of upward appearance comparisons on body image discrepancies. The Journal of Psychology, 154 ,292-308

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Lynch, M. F. (2020) The Cultural Internalization Scale: Assessing internal and external reasons for endorsing one’s cultural identity. Education and Self-Development, 15(156) ,38-55

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Ryan, W.S., Ryan, R. M. (2019) Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory. SAGE Journals, 23(1) ,99-112

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Legate, N., Weinstein, N.Ryan, W. S., DeHaan, C. R. (2019) Parental autonomy support predicts lower internalized homophobia and better psychological health indirectly through lower shame in lesbian, gay and bisexual adults. Stigma and Health, 4(4) ,367-76

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Parker, P. D., Ryan, R. M.Duineveld, J. J., Bradshaw, E. L. (2019) Validation of the social identity group need satisfaction and frustration scale. PsychArxiv,

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Visser, C.L.F.Wilschut, J.A.Isik, U.van den Burgt, S.M.E. (2018) The association of readiness for interprofessional learning with empathy, motivation and professional identity development in medical students. BMC Medical Education, 18(125) ,1-10

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Ntoumanis, N.Stenling, A., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C.Vlachopoulos, S. (2018) Longitudinal associations between exercise identity and exercise motivation: A multilevel growth curve model approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science In Sports, 28(2) ,746-753

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Visser, C. L. F.Wilschut, J. A.Isik, U.van den Burgt, S. M. E. (2018) The association of readiness for interprofessional learning with empathy, motivation and professional identity development in medical students. BMC Medical Education, 18(125) ,1-10

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Bouizegarene, N., Philippe, F. L. (2018) Longitudinal directive effect of need satisfaction in self-defining memories on friend related identity processing styles and friend satisfaction. Self and Identity, 17 ,127-138

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Park, L. E.Ward, D. E.Naragon-Gainey, K. (2017) It’s all about the money (for some): Consequences of financially contingent self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(5) ,1-12

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Arvanitis, A.Kalliris, K. (2017) A Self-Determination Theory account of self-authorship: Implications for law and public policy. Philosophical Psychology, ,1-21

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Legault, L., Weinstein, N.Mitchell, J.Inzlicht, M. (2017) Owning up to negative ingroup traits: How personal autonomy promotes the integration of group identity. Journal of Personality, 5 ,687-701

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Thogersen-Ntoumani, C.Dodos, L., Chatzisarantis, N. L., Ntoumanis, N. (2017) A diary study of self-compassion, upward social comparisons, and body image-related outcomes. Applied Psychology: Health And Well-Being, 9(2) ,242-258

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Legate, N., Ryan, R. M.Rogge, R. D. (2017) Daily autonomy support and sexual identity disclosure predicts daily mental and physical health outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6) ,860-873

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Bouizegarene, N.Bourdeau, S.Leduc, C.Gousse-Lessard, A-S. (2017) We are our passions: The role of identity processes in harmonious and obsessive passion and links to optimal functioning in society. Self and Identity, 17(1) ,56-74

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Mylrea, M. F.Sen Gupta, T.Glass, B. D. (2017) Developing professional identity in undergraduate pharmacy students: A role for self-determination theory. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 5(2) ,16

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Assor, A. (2017) The striving to develop an authentic inner-compass as a key component of adolescents' need for Autonomy: Parental antecedents and effects on identity, well-being, and resilience. In Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (Eds.), The striving to develop an authentic inner-compass as a key component of adolescents’ need for qutonomy: Parental antecedents and effects on identity, well-being, and resilience. London: Psychology Press Autonomy in Adolescent Development: Towards Conceptual Clarity, ,119 - 145

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Van der Kaap-Deeder, J.Wouters, S.Verschueren, K.Briers, V. (2016) The pursuit of self-esteem and its motivational implications. Psychologica Belgica, 56(3) ,143-168

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Noels, K.A.Chaffee, K.E.Lou, N.M.Dincer, A. (2016) Self-determination, engagement, and identity in learning German: Some directions in the psychology of language learning motivation. Fremdsprachen Lehren und Lernen, 45(2) ,12-29

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Bouizagarene, N., Philippe, F. L. (2016) Episodic memories as building blocks of identity styles and life domains satisfaction: Examining need satisfaction and need for closure in memories. Memory, 24 ,616-628

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Wuyts, D.Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. (2015) Social pressure and unfulfilled dreams among Chinese and Belgian parents: Two roads to controlling parenting via child-invested contingent self-esteem. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(9) ,1150-1168

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Van der Kaap-Deeder, J.Coorevits, N., Vansteenkiste, M. (2015) Zelfwaarde op losse schroeven: Gevolgen en wortels van voorwaardelijke zelfwaarde. [Fragile self-esteem: Consequences and roots of contingent self-esteem]. Caleidoscoop, 27 ,22-29

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Milyavskaya, M.Nadolny, D., Koestner, R. (2015) Why do people set more self-concordant goals in need satisfying domains? Testing authenticity as a mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 77 ,131-136

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Hope, N., Koestner, R., Milyavskaya, M. (2014) Self-growth in the College Years: Increased importance of intrinsic values predicts resolution of identity and intimacy stages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5 ,705-712

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Lynch, M. F. (2014) In N. Weinstein (Ed.), The self-concept in relationships. (pp. 121-137) New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6_6

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Boone, L., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J. (2014) Self-Critical Perfectionism and Binge Eating Symptoms: A Longitudinal Test of the Intervening Role of Psychological Need Frustration. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3) ,363-373

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Verstuyf, J.Van Petegem, S., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. (2014) The body perfect ideal and eating regulation goals: Investigating the role of adolescents’ identity styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(2) ,284-297

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Erdvik, I.Overby, N.Haugen, T. (2014) Students’ self-determined motivation in physical education and intention to be physically active after graduation: The role of perceived competence and identity. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14 ,232-241

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Di Domenico, S. I.Fournier, M. A.Ayaz, H.Ruocco, A. C. (2013) In search of integrative processes: Basic psychological need satisfaction predicts medial prefrontal activation during decisional conflict. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3) ,967-978

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Rodriguez, Lindsey M., Knee, C. R.Neighbors, Clayton (2013) Relationships can drive some to drink. Relationship-contingent self-esteem and drinking problems. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,

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Hadden, Benjamin W.Overup, Camilla S., Knee, C. R. (2013) Removing the Ego: Need Fulfillment, Self-Image Goals, and Self-Presentation. Self and Identity, ,1-20

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Rhodes, J. D.Colder, C. R.Trucco, E. M.Speidel, C. (2013) The interaction between self-regulation and motivation prospectively predicting problem behavior in adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42 ,681-692

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Strachan, Shaelyn M., Fortier, M. S.Perras, Melanie G. M.Lugg, Carrie (2013) Understanding variations in exercise-dentity strength through identity theory and self-determination theory. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11 ,273-285

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Weinstein, N.Ryan, W. S., DeHaan, C. R., Przybylski, A. K. (2012) Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities: Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102 ,815–832

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Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., Weinstein, N. (2012) Is coming out always a ‘‘good thing’’? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3 ,145-152

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Przybylski, A. K., Weinstein, N., , Lynch, M. F. (2012) The ideal self at play: The appeal of video games that let you be all you can be. Psychological Science, 23 ,69–76

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Legault, L.Al-KhindiInzlincht, I. (2012) Preserving integrity in the face of performance threat: Self-affirmation enhances neurophysiological responsiveness to errors. Psychological Science, 23 ,1455-1460

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Duriez, B.Luyckx, K., Soenens, B.Berzonsky, M. D. (2012) A process-content approach to adolescent identity formation: Examining longitudinal associations between identity styles and goal pursuits. Journal of Personality, 80 ,135-161

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Amiot, C. E.Sansfacon, S. (2011) Motivations to identify with social groups: A look at their positive and negative consequences. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15 ,105–127

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Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M. (2011) In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), When is identity congruent with the self? A self-determination theory perspective. New York, NY: Springer ,381-402

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2011) In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Multiple identities within a single self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization within contexts and cultures. New York: The Guilford Press ,253-274

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Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N.Cumming, J.Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2011) When feeling attractive matters too much to women: A process underpinning the relation between psychological need satisfaction and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Motivation and Emotion, 35 ,413–422

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Mageau, G. A., Carpentier, J., Vallerand, R. J. (2011) The role of self-esteem contingencies in the distinction between obsessive and harmonious passion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41 ,720-729

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Mask, L., Blanchard, C. M. (2011) The protective role of general self-determination against “thin ideal” media exposure on women’s body image and eating-related concerns. Journal of Health Psychology, 16 ,489-499

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Mask, L., Blanchard, C. M. (2011) The effects of “thin ideal” media on women’s body image concerns and eating-related intentions: The beneficial role of an autonomous regulation of eating behaviors. Body Image, 8 ,357-365

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Vlachopoulos, S. P.Kaperoni, M.Moustaka, F. C. (2011) The relationship of self-determination theory variables to exercise identity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12 ,265-272

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Soenens, B.Berzonsky, M. D.Dunkel, C.Papini, D. (2011) Are all identity commitments created equally? The importance of motives for late adolescents’ personal adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(4) ,358-369

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Hodgins, H. S.Weisbust, K. S., Weinstein, N.Shiffman, S. (2010) The cost of self-protection: Threat response and performance as a function of autonomous and controlled motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36 ,1101-1114

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Good, J. J.Sanchez, D. T. (2010) Doing gender for different reasons: Why gender conformity positively and negatively predicts self-esteem. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34 ,203–214

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Ferris, D. L.Lian, H.Brown, D. J.Pang, F. X. (2010) Self-esteem and job performance: The moderating role of self-esteem contingencies. Personnel Psychology, 63 ,561-593

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Smits, I., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M.Luyckx, K. (2010) Why do adolescents gather information or stick to parental norms? Examining autonomous and controlled motives behind adolescents’ identity style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39 ,1343–1356

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Ferris, D. L.Brown, D. J.Lian, H. (2009) When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 ,1345-1353

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Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M.Goossens, L.Duriez, B. (2009) Basic need satisfaction and identity formation: Bridging self-determination theory and process-oriented identity research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56 ,276-288

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La Guardia, J. G. (2009) Developing who I am: A self-determination theory approach to the establishment of healthy identities. Educational Psychologist, 44 ,90–104

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Chatzisarantis, N. L., Hagger, M. S., Wang, C. K. J.Thogersen-Ntoumanis, C. (2009) The effects of social identity and perceived autonomy support on health behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 28 ,55-68

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Chatzisarantis, N. L., Hagger, M. S., Wang, C. K. J., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2009) The effects of social identity and perceived autonomy support on health behaviour within the Theory of Planned Behavior. Current Psychology, 28 ,55-68

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Oliver, E.J., Markland, D. A.Hardy, J. (2008) The effects of autonomy-supportive and controlling environments on self-talk. Motivation and Emotion, 32 ,200-212

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Guay, F.Delisle, M. N., Fernet, C.Julien, E. (2008) Does task-related identified regulation moderate the sociometer effect? A study of performance feedback, perceived inclusion, and state self-esteem. Social Behavior and Personality, 36 ,239-254

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Wilson, P. M.Muon, S. (2008) Psychometric properties of the exercise identity scale in a university sample. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(2) ,115-131

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Luyckx, K., Soenens, B.Berzonsky, M. D.Smits, I. (2007) Information-oriented identity processing, identity consolidation, and well-being: The moderating role of autonomy, self-reflection, and self-rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 43 ,1099-1111

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Hodgins, H. S.Brown, A. B.Carver, B. (2007) Autonomy and control motivation and self-esteem. Self and Identity, 6 ,189-208

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Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M.Goossens, L. (2007) Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21 ,546-550

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Georgiadis, M. M., Stavrou, N. A. (2006) Motivation for weight-loss diets: A clustering, longitudinal field study using self-esteem and self-determination theory perspectives. Health Education Journal, 65 ,53-72

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Sheldon, K. M. (2006) Catholic guilt? Comparing catholics’ and protestants’ religious motivations. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16 ,209-223

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Moller, A. C.Friedman, R., Deci, E. L. (2006) A self-determination theory perspectives on the interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects of self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives. (pp. 125-131) Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

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Little, T. D.Snyder, C. R.Wehmeyer, M. (2006) The agentic self: On the nature and origins of personal agency across the lifespan. In D. Mroczek & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development. (pp. 61–80) Mahwah, NJ: LEA.

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Downie, M., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R.Liodden, T. (2006) On the risk of being a cultural chameleon: Variations in collective self-esteem across social interactions. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12 ,541-557

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Koestner, R., Mageau, G. A. (2006) Assessing implicit and explicit self-esteem: Lessons from 50 years of motive research. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem: Issues and answers. (pp. 103-108) New York, NY: Psychology Press.

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Standage, M., Duda, J. L.Pensgaard, A. M.  (2005) The effect of competitive outcome and task-involving, ego-involving, and cooperative structures on the psychological well-being of individuals engaged in a co-ordination task: A self-determination approach. Motivation and Emotion, 29(1) ,41-68

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Ryan, R. M., La Guardia, J. G.Rawsthorne, L. J. (2005) Self-complexity and the authenticity of self-aspects: Effects on well being and resilience to stressful events. North American Journal of Psychology, 3 ,431-447

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Soenens, B.Berzonsky, M. D., Vansteenkiste, M.Beyers, W. (2005) Identity styles and causality orientations: In search of the motivational underpinnings of the identity exploration process. European Journal of Personality, 19 ,427-442

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Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M.Willness, C. (2005) Cultural context and psychological needs in Canada and Brazil: Testing a self-determination approach to the internalization of cultural practices, identity, and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36 ,423-443

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Lynch, M. F., Ryan, R. M. (2004) In H. W. Marsh, J. Baumert, G. E. Richards, & U. Trautwein (Eds)., On being yourself: Consistency versus authenticity of self-concept in cultural and interpersonal contexts. Sydney, Australia: SELF Research Centre, University Of Western Sydney

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Neighbors, C.Larimer, M. E.Geisner, I. M., Knee, C. R. (2004) Feeling controlled and drinking motives among college students: Contingent self-esteem as a mediator. Self and Identity, 3 ,207-224

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2004) Avoiding death or engaging life as accounts of meaning and culture: A comment on Pyszczynski, Greenberg, Solomon, Arndt, and Schimel. Psychological Bulletin, 130 ,473-477

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Patrick, H., Neighbors, C., Knee, C. R. (2004) Appearance-related social comparisons: The role of contingent self-esteem and self-perceptions of attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 ,501-514

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2004) Autonomy is no illusion: Self-determination theory and the empirical study of authenticity, awareness, and will. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology. (pp. 449-479) New York: Guilford Press.

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Ryan, R. M., Brown, K. W. (2003) Why we don’t need self-esteem: On fundamental needs, contingent love, and mindfulness. Psychological Inquiry, 14 ,71-76

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, (2003) Optimal self-esteem and authenticity: Separating fantasy from reality. Psychological Inquiry, 14 ,83-89

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2003) In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. New York: The Guilford Press ,253-274

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Hodgins, H. S., Knee, C. R. (2002) In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), The integrating self and conscious experience. (pp. 87-100) Rochester, NY: University Of Rochester Press.

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Paradise, A. W. (2002) In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Distinguishing between secure and fragile forms of high self-esteem. (pp. 339-360) Rochester, NY: University Of Rochester Press.

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Schimel, J.Arndt, J.Pyszczynski, T.Greenberg, J. (2001) Being accepted for who we are: Evidence that social validation of the intrinsic self reduces general defensiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 ,35-52

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Paradise, A. W.Whitaker, D. J.Wheatman, S. R. (2000) Master of one’s psychological domain? Not likely if one’s self-esteem is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 ,1297-1305

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Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M.Rawsthorne, L. J.Ilardi, B. (1997) Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 ,1380-1393

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Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (1995) Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem. (pp. 31-49) New York: Plenum Publishing Co.

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Sheldon, K. M. (1995) Creativity and self-determination in personality. London: Routledge Creativity and self-determination in personality, 8 ,25-36

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Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (1991) A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation, Vol. 38. (pp. 237-288) Lincoln, NE: University Of Nebraska Press.

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Ryan, R. M. (1991) The nature of the self in autonomy and relatedness. In J. Strauss &, G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Multidisciplinary perspectives on the self. (pp. 208-238) New York: Springer-Verlag.

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Ryan, R. M.Plant, R. W.Kuczkowski, R. J. (1991) Relation of self-projection processes to performance, emotion, and memory in a controlled interaction setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17 ,427-434

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