Extrinsic Motivation

The Theory

Basic SDT research topics

Gagné, M.Nordgren Selar, A.Sverke, M. (2023) In R. M. Ryan, How important is money to motivate people to work?. Oxford University Press The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory, ,901-919

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Bradshaw, E. L.Conigrave, J. H.Steward, B. A.Ferber, K. A. (2023) A meta-analysis of the dark side of the American dream: Evidence for the universal wellness costs of prioritizing extrinsic over intrinsic goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(4) ,873-899

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Arvanitis, A.Kalliris, K.Kaminiotis, K. (2022) Are defaults supportive of autonomy? An examination of nudges under the lens of self-determination theory. The Social Science Journal, 59(3) ,394-404

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Good, V.Hughes, D. E.Kirca, A. H.McGrath, S. (2022) A self‐determination theory‐based meta‐analysis on the differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on salesperson performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 50 ,586-614

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Evans, P., Ryan, R. M. (2022) In G. McPherson, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for music performance. , The Oxford Handbook of Music Performance , 1 (pp. 576-603) Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190056285.013.24

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Van den Broeck, A., Howard, J. L.Vaerenbergh, Y. V.Leroy, H. (2021) Beyond intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis on self-determination theory’s multidimensional conceptualization of work motivation. Organizational Psychology Review, 11(3) ,240–273

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Sansone, C.Tang, Y. (2021) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and self-determination theory. Motivation Science, 7(2) ,113-114

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Pope, P., Pelletier, L. G. (2021) What messages do adults prefer? Understanding adults’ perceptions of intrinsic and extrinsic physical activity messages. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, Advance online publication

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Robichaud, J-M., Mageau, G. A. (2020) The socializing role of logical consequences, mild punishments and reasoning in rule-breaking contexts involving multifaceted issues. Social Development, 29 ,356-372

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Gagné, M., Forest, J. (2020) Financial incentives to promote optimal work motivation: Mission impossible?. The Journal of Total Rewards, Q4 ,36-47

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Thibault Landry, A.Zhang, Y.Papaschristopoulos, K., Forest, J. (2020) Applying self‐determination theory to understand the motivational impact of cash rewards: New evidence from lab experiments. International Journal of Psychology, 55(3) ,487-498

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Martela, F., Bradshaw, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2019) Expanding the map of intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations using network analysis and multidimensional scaling: Examining four new aspirations. Frontiers in Psychology,

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Ryan, R. M.Ryan, W. S., Di Domenico, S. I. (2019) In P. J. Corr (Ed.), Effects of rewards on self-determination and intrinsic motivation: Revisiting Deci (1971). (pp. 137-154) London, UK: Sage.

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2019) Research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is alive, well, and reshaping 21st-century management approaches: Brief reply to Locke and Schattke (2019). Motivation Science, 5(4) ,291-294

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Leung, A. N. M., Law, W. (2019) Do extrinsic goals affect romantic relationships?. Motivation and Emotion, 43 ,857-873

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Zhoc, K. C. H.King, R. B., Law, W.McInerney, D. M. (2019) Intrinsic and extrinsic future goals: Their differential effects on students’ self-control and distal learning outcomes. Psychology in the Schools, 56 ,1596–1613

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Van den Broeck, A.Schreurs, B.Proost, K.Vanderstukken, A. (2019) I want to be a billionaire: How do extrinsic and intrinsic values influence youngsters’ well-being?. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 682(1) ,204-219

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Mageau, G. A.Lessard, J., Carpentier, J., Robichaud, J-M. (2018) Effectiveness and acceptability beliefs regarding logical consequences and mild punishments. , Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 54 (pp. 12-22) doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.11.001

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2017) Organismic integration theory: Internalization and the differentiation of extrinsic motivation. , Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness (pp. 179-215) Guilford Press. doi: 10.1521/978.14625/28806

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Park, L. E.Ward, D. E.Naragon-Gainey, K. (2017) It’s all about the money (for some): Consequences of financially contingent self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(5) ,1-12

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Thibault-Landry, A., Gagné, M., Forest, J.Guerrero, S. (2017) The relation between financial incentives, motivation, and performance: An integrative SDT-based investigation. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16 ,61-76

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2017) Cognitive evaluation theory, part 1: The effects of rewards, feedback, and other external events on intrinsic motivation. , Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness (pp. 123-157) Guilford Press. doi: 10.1521/978.14625/28806

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Legault, L. (2016) In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. , Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1139-1

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Gravel, E. E., Pelletier, L. G.Reissing, E. D. (2016) “Doing it” for the right reasons: Validation of a measurement of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation for sexual relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 92 ,164-173

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Soenens, B.Wuyts, D., Vansteenkiste, M., Mageau, G. A. (2015) Raising trophy kids: The role of mothers’ contingent self-esteem in maternal promotion of extrinsic goals. Journal of Adolescence, 42 ,40-49

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Kirk, U., Brown, K. W.Downar, J. (2015) Adaptive neural reward processing during anticipation and receipt of monetary rewards in mindfulness meditators. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10 ,752-759

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Marsden, K. E.Ma, W. J., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2015) Diminished neural responses predict enhanced intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to external incentive. Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Neuroscience, 15 ,276-286

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White II, M. H., Sheldon, K. M. (2014) The contract year syndrome in the NBA and MLB: A classic undermining pattern. Motivation and Emotion, 38 ,196-205

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Hagger, M. S.Keatley, D. A.Chan, D. C. K., Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2014) The goose is (half) cooked: A consideration of the mechanisms and interpersonal context is needed to elucidate the effects of personal financial incentives on health behaviour. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,

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Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L. (2014) In E. Bijleveld, & H. Aarts (Eds.), The psychology of getting paid: An integrated perspective. Springer The psychological science of money, ,189–211

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Moller, A. C.Buscemi, JoannaMcFadden, H. GeneHedeker, Donald (2013) Financial motivation undermines potential enjoyment in an intensive diet and activity intervention. , Journal of Behavioral Medicine (pp. 1-9) doi: 10.1007/s10865-013-9542-5

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Lee, W., Reeve, J.Xue, Y.Xiong, J. (2012) Neural differences between intrinsic reasons for doing versus extrinsic reasons for doing. Neuroscience Research, 73 ,68-72

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Lee, W., Reeve, J.Xue, Y.Xiong, J. (2012) Neural differences between intrinsic reasons for doing versus extrinsic reasons for doing: An fMRI study. Neuroscience Research, 73 ,68-72

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Moller, A. C.McFadden, H. G.Hedeker, D.Spring, B. (2012) Financial motivation undermines maintenance in an intensive diet and activity intervention. Journal of Obesity, 2012 ,1-8

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Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2011) Causality orientations moderate the undermining effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47 ,485-489

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Duriez, B. (2011) The social costs of extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal pursuits revisited: The moderating role of general causality orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 50 ,684–687

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Stone, D.Bryant, S. M.Wier, B. (2010) Why are financial incentive effects unreliable? An extension of self-determination theory. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 22(2) ,105-132

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Gillet, N.Vallerand, R. J.Amoura, S.Baldes, B. (2010) Influence of coaches’ autonomy support on athletes’ motivation and sport performance: A test of the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11 ,155-161

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Murayama, K.Matsumoto, M.Izuma, K.Matsumoto, K. (2010) Neural basis of the undermining effect of monetary reward on intrinsic motivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(49) ,20911-20916

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Sheldon, K. M.Gunz, A.Nichols, C. P.Ferguson, Y. (2010) Extrinsic value orientation and affective forecasting: Overestimating the rewards, underestimating the costs. Journal of Personality, 78 ,149-178

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Cozzolino, P., Sheldon, K. M.Schachtman, T. R.Meyers, L. S. (2009) Limited time perspective, values, and greed: Imagining a limited future reduces avarice in extrinsic people. Amsterdam: Elsevier Journal of Research in Personality, 43 ,399-408

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Wiechman, B. M.Gurland, S. T. (2009) What happens during the free-choice period? Evidence of a polarizing effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 43 ,716-719

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Tremblay, M. A.Blanchard, C. M.Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G. (2009) Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(4) ,213-226

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, Sebire, S., Standage, M., Vansteenkiste, M. (2009) Examining intrinsic versus extrinsic exercise goals: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31 ,189-210

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Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2009) The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality, 43 ,291-306

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Muraven, M.Rosman, H., Gagné, M. (2007) Lack of autonomy and self-control: Performance contingent rewards lead to greater depletion. Motivation and Emotion, 31 ,322–330

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Duriez, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. (2007) The social costs of extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal pursuits: Their relation with social dominance and racial and ethnic prejudice. Journal of Personality, 75 ,757-782

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Rijavec, M.Brdar, I.Miljkovic, D. (2006) Extrinsic vs. intrinsic life goals, psychological needs, and life satisfaction. In A. Delle Fave (Ed.), Dimensions of well-being. Research and intervention. (pp. 91-104 ) Milano: Franco Angeli.

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Sharp, E. C., Pelletier, L. G., Levesque, C. S. (2006) The double-edged sword of rewards for participation in psychology experiments. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 38 ,269-277

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Frederick, C.Morris, T. (2004) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise. In T. Morris & J. Summers (Eds.), Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues, 2nd ed.. (pp. 121-151) Milton, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia.

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Joussemet, M., Koestner, R.Lekes, N.Houlfort, N. (2004) Introducing uninteresting tasks to children: A comparison of the effects of rewards and autonomy support. Journal of Personality, 72 ,140-166

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Vansteenkiste, M., Deci, E. L. (2003) Competitively contingent rewards and intrinsic motivation: Can losers remain motivated?. Motivation and Emotion, 27 ,273-299

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Houlfort, N., Koestner, R., Joussemet, M. (2002) The impact of performance-contingent rewards on perceived autonomy and competence. Motivation and Emotion, 26 ,279-295

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Vallerand, R. J., Ratelle, C. F. (2002) In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A hierarchical model. (pp. 37-63) Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

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Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M. (2001) Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again. Review of Educational Research., 71(1) ,1-27

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Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M. (2001) In Peter Schmuck & Kennon M. Sheldon, Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. , Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving (pp. 116-131) Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1) ,68-78

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Joussemet, M., Koestner, R. (1999) Effect of expected rewards on children’s creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12 ,231-239

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Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M. (1999) The undermining effect is a reality after all: Extrinsic rewards, task interest, and self-determination. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6) ,692-700

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Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M. (1999) A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125 ,627-668

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Ryan, R. M., La Guardia, J. G. (1999) Achievement motivation within a pressured society: Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to learn and the politics of school reform. In T. Urdan (Ed.), Advances in motivation and achievement. , 11 (pp. 45-85) Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

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Pelletier, L. G.Tuson, K. M.Haddad, N. K. (1997) Client Motivation for Therapy Scale: A measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation for therapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68:2 ,414-435

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Vallerand, R. J. (1997) In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. , Vol. 29 (pp. 271-360) San Diego: Academic Press.

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Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M. (1996) Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3) ,280-287

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Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M. (1993) A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2) ,410-422

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Deci, E. L. (1972) The effects of contingent and non-contingent rewards and controls on intrinsic motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 8 ,217-229

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Deci, E. L. (1971) Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1) ,105-115

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