Cultural

The Theory

Basic SDT research topics

Beyers, W., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M. (2025) Autonomy in adolescence: a conceptual, developmental and cross-cultural perspective. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(2) ,121-141

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Bradshaw, E. L.Duineveld, J. J.Conigrave, J. H.Steward, B. A. (2025) Disentangling autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting: A meta-analysis of self-determination theory’s dual process model across cultures. American Psychologist, 80(6) ,879-895

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Bizimana, E. (2025) Student engagement in learning: Exploring the role of perceived student cohesiveness, equity, teacher support, and teacher autonomy support under the framework of self-determination theory. International Journal of Changes in Education, Advance online publicationtion

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Walck, D.Parr, J.Rabb, K., Lynch, M. F. (2025) Diverse client motivation: Why using a transformative paradigm along with a critical race theory framework is important in this mixed methods study. Methods in Psychology, 13 ,100184

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Lee, D.Vite, A., Patall, E. A.Zambrano, J. (2025) Daily autonomy, relatedness, and classroom engagement among Latino and White high school science students. Current Psychology, Advance Online

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Keshavarzi, S.Becker, J. C.Ruhani, A.Ebrahimi, F. (2025) Responses to the rapid reactionary social change: A social-psychological investigation of young Afghan women’s experiences during the Second-Taliban era. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 108 ,102250

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Luo, Y.Li, R.Yang, Z.Luo, R. (2025) Joint trajectories of parental psychological control and autonomy support and their impact on Chinese adolescents’ psychological adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Advance online publicationtion

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Barberis, N., Costa, S.Castiglione, C. (2024) Xenophobia and xenophilia, the bright and dark sides of attitude towards foreigners: A self-determination theory approach. Psychological Reports, 127(5) ,2427-2450

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Saib, N., Joussemet, M.Cavenaghi, A., Robichaud, J-M. (2024) Parental autonomy support and child psychosocial adjustment: Examining the role of cultural hierarchy. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 15(2) ,1–31

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King, R. B.Haw, J. Y.Wang, Y. (2024) Need-support facilitates well-being across cultural, economic, and political contexts: A self-determination theory perspective. Learning and Instruction, 93 ,101978

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Vite, A., Patall, E. A.Chen, M. (2024) Relationships between experiences of autonomy and well(ill)-being for K-12 youth: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 36(4) ,127

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Bradshaw, E. L., DeHaan, C. R.Parker, P. D., Curren, R. (2023) The perceived conditions for living well: Positive perceptions of primary goods linked with basic psychological needs and wellness. Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(1) ,44-60

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Cho, H. J., Levesque, C. S.Yough, M. (2023) How autonomy-supportive learning environments promote Asian international students’ academic adjustment: a self-determination theory perspective. Learning Environments Research, 26 ,51-76

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Martela, F.Lehmus-Sun, A.Parker, P. D.Pessi, A. B. (2023) Needs and well-being across Europe: Basic psychological needs are closely connected with well-being, meaning, and symptoms of Depression in 27 European countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5) ,501–514

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Zhang, Z.Ni, G.Lin, H.Li, Z. (2023) Linking empowering leadership to work-related well-being and project citizenship behavior in the construction context: a self-determination perspective. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 16(2)

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Crafford, L., Kusurkar, R. A.Bronkhorst, E.Gous, A. G. S. (2023) Understanding of healthcare professionals towards the roles and competencies of clinical pharmacists in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 23 ,290

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Bergdahl, J.Latikka, R.Celuch, M.Savolainen, I. (2023) Self-determination and attitudes toward artificial intelligence: Cross-national and longitudinal perspectives. Telematics and Informatics, 82

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Tanaka, Y.Kutsuki, A. (2023) Motivational patterns of emergent and fully bilingual children learning English and Japanese at an international school. International Journal of Bilingualism, 27(5) ,618–633

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Lynch, M. F. (2023) In In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Self-determination theory in cross-cultural research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory, ,(pp. 1023–1050)

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Grolnick, W. S.Lerner, R. E. (2023) In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), How parental autonomy support, structure, and involvement help children flourish: Considering interactions, context, and diversity. Oxford University Press The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory, ,pp. 491–508

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Sayanagi, N. R.van Egmond, M. C. (2023) In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Self-determination theory and international development. Oxford University Press The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory, ,(pp. 1051-1069)

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Benita, M., Matos, L.Cerna, Y. (2022) The effect of mastery goal-complexes on mathematics grades and engagement: The case of Low-SES Peruvian students. Learning and Instruction, 80 ,101558

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Magson, N.Craven, R. G., Ryan, R. M.Dillon, A. (2022) A cross-cultural investigation of basic psychological need satisfaction at work in an indigenous and non-indigenous Australian sample across occupation types.. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(2) ,213-238

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Puranitee, P.Kaewpila, W.Heeneman, S.van Mook, W. N. K. A. (2022) Promoting a sense of belonging, engagement, and collegiality to reduce burnout: A mixed methods study among undergraduate medical students in a non-Western, Asian context. BMC Medical Education, 22 ,327

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Davids, E. L. (2022) The interaction between basic psychological needs, decision-making and life goals among emerging adults in South Africa. Social Sciences, 11(7) ,316

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Su-Russell, C.Ispa, J. M. (2022) Mainland Chinese mothers’ autonomy support across four caregiving contexts. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31 ,3960-2975

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Xiao, X.Zheng, X. (2022) The effect of parental phubbing on depression in Chinese junior high school students: The mediating roles of basic psychological needs satisfaction and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 13 ,868354

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Chen, L. (2022) Exploring the motivation of the older Chinese people learning English in China: A case study in a senior college in Guangdong. Educational Gerontology, 48(2) ,74–102

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Park, R.Kim, J. (2022) Differential effects of autonomy on employee satisfaction and organizational performance depending on the type of financial incentives: evidence from a four-wave panel of Korean companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(19) ,3656-3686

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Crafford, L.Wouters, A.Bronkhorst, E.Gous, A. G. S. (2021) Exploring factors associated with the motivation of clinical pharmacists: a focus on the South African context. Frontiers in Medicine, 8 ,747348

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Nalipay, M. J. N.King, R.Cai, Y. (2020) Autonomy is equally important across East and West: Testing the cross-cultural universality of self-determination theory. Journal of Adolescence, 78 ,67-72

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Lynch, M. F. (2020) The Cultural Internalization Scale: Assessing internal and external reasons for endorsing one’s cultural identity. Education and Self-Development, 15(156) ,38-55

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Lynch, M. F.Salikhova, N. R.Eremeeva, A. V. (2020) Basic needs in other cultures: Using qualitative methods to study key issues in Self-Determination Theory research. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 17 ,134-144

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Legate, N., Weinstein, N.Sendi, K.Al-Khouja, M. (2020) Motives behind the veil: Women’s affective experiences wearing a veil depend on their reasons for wearing one. Journal of Research in Personality, 87 ,103969

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Benita, M.Benish-Weisman, M., Matos, L.Torres, C. (2020) Integrative and suppressive emotion regulation differentially predict well-being through basic need satisfaction and frustration: A test of three countries. Motivation and Emotion, 44(1) ,67-81

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Liu, W. C., Wang, C. K. J.Kang, H. J.Kee, Y. H. (2020) Motivation profile analysis of Malay students in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 29(6) ,529-539

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De Man, J.Wouters, E.Absetz. P.Daivadanam, M. (2020) What motivates people with (pre)diabetes to move? Testing self-determination theory in rural Uganda. Frontiers in Psychology, 11

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Slemp, G.Kern, M. L.Patrick, K. J., Ryan, R. M. (2018) Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review. Motivation and Emotion, 42 ,706-724

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Martela, F.Riekki,T. J. J. (2018) Autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: A multicultural comparison of the four pathways to meaningful work. Frontiers in Psychology: Organizational Psychology, 9 ,1-14

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Kaplan, H., Assor, A. (2018) In Liem, G. A. D., & Tan, S. H. (Eds.), Autonomous motivation and the need for autonomy: Findings and new theoretical developments in Israel. , Asian education miracles: In search of sociocultural and psychological explanations (pp. 84-106) New York: Routledge.

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Y, Shi, Levesque, C. S.Maeda, Y. (2018) General need for autonomy and subjective wellbeing: A meta-analysis of studies in the US and East Asia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6) ,1863-1882

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Y, ShiChen, B., Levesque, C. S., Vansteenkiste, M. (2018) Chinese education examined via the lens of self-determination. Educational Psychology Review volume, 30 ,177-214

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Kaplan, H.Madjar, N. (2017) The motivational outcomes of psychological need support among pre-service teachers: Multicultural and self-determination theory perspectives. Frontiers in Education.,

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Ovgun, B., Kantas, O. (2017) Kamu yönetimi reformunun psikolojik süreci ve insan unsuru (The psychological process and the human aspect of public administration reform). Journal of SDU Social Sciences Institute, 26(1) ,313-326

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Chirkov, V. I. (2017) In A. T. Church, Culture and autonomy. , The Praeger handbook of personality across cultures , 2 (pp. 91-119) Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

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Ryan, R. M., Di Domenico, S. I.Ryan, W. S., Deci, E. L. (2017) In F. Guay, H. W. Marsh, D. McInerney, & R. Craven (Eds.), Pervasive influences on wellness and thriving: Cultural, political, and economic contexts and the support of basic psychological needs. Information Age Press 6 ,199-232

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Jowett, S.Adie, J. W.Bartholomew, K. J.Yang, S. X. (2017) Motivational processes in the coach-athlete relationship: A multi-cultural self-determination approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32 ,143-152

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Davids, E. L.Ryan, J.Yassin, Z.Hendrickse, S. (2016) Family structure and functioning: Influences on adolescents psychological needs, goals and aspirations in a South African setting. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26(4) ,351-356

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Craven, R. G., Ryan, R. M.Mooney, J., Vallerand, R. J. (2016) Toward a positive psychology of indigenous thriving and reciprocal research partnership model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 47 ,32-43

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Gagné, M., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M.Crevier-Braud, L. (2015) The Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale: Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24 ,178-196

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Roman, N. V.Davids, E. L.Moyo, A.Schilder, L. (2015) Parenting styles and psychological needs influences on adolescent life goals and aspirations in a South African setting. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25

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Haerens, L.Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M.Soenens, B. (2015) Do perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching relate to physical education students’ motivational experience through unique pathways? Distinguishing between the bright and dark side of motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16 ,26-36

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Guillen-Royo, M., Kasser, T. (2015) Personal goals, socio-economic context and happiness: Studying a diverse sample in Peru. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2) ,405-425

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Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M.Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L. (2015) Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39 ,216-236

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Wuyts, D.Chen, B.Vansteenkiste, M.Soenens, B. (2015) Social pressure and unfulfilled dreams among Chinese and Belgian parents: Two roads to controlling parenting via child-invested contingent self-esteem. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(9) ,1150-1168

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Wang, C. K. J., Liu, W. C.Nogawa, H.Sun, Y. (2015) The influence of Japanese sporting culture and motivation on sport participation and life aspirations. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 4(2) ,113-123

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Reeve, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Assor, A.Ahmad, I. (2014) The beliefs that underlie autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching: A multinational investigation. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1) ,93-110

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Chirkov, V. I. (2014) In N. Weinstein, The universality of psychological autonomy across cultures: Arguments from developmental and social psychology. , Human motivation and interpersonal relationships: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 27-52) Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

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Kaur, A.Hashim, R. A.Noman, M. (2014) Teacher autonomy support: Does it hinder motivation among Thai students?. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 11 ,171-189

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Quested, Eleanor, Ntoumanis, N.Viladrich, EllenHaug, Ellen (2013) Intentions to drop-out of youth soccer: A test of the basic needs theory amount European youth from five countries. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11 ,395-407

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Wang, Z., Gagné, M. (2013) A Chinese-Canadian cross-cultural investigation of transformational leadership, autonomous motivation and collectivistic value. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 20 ,134-142

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Soenens, B.Beyers, W. (2012) The cross-cultural significance of control and autonomy in parent–adolescent relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 35 ,243-248

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Soenens, B.Park, S. Y., Vansteenkiste, M.Mouratidis, A. (2012) Perceived parental psychological control and adolescent depressive experiences: A cross-cultural study with Belgian and South-Korean adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35 ,261–272

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Legault, L., Green-Demers, I. (2012) The protective role of self-determined prejudice regulation in the relationship between intergroup threat and prejudice. Motivation and Emotion, 36 ,143-158

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Chirkov, V. I.Lebedeva, N.Molodtsova, I.Tatarko, A. (2011) Social capital, motivational autonomy, and health behavior in Canadian and Russian youth. In D. Chadee & A. Kostic (Eds.), Social psychological dynamics. (pp. 211- 241) Trinidad, W.I.: University of West Indies Press.

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Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M. (2011) Human autonomy in cross-cultural contexts: Perspectives on the psychology of agency, freedom, and well-being. Dordrecht: Springer

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Chirkov, V. I., Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M. (2011) The struggle for happiness and autonomy in cultural and personal contexts: An overview. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Human autonomy in cultural contexts: Perspectives on the psychology of agency, freedom, and well-being. (pp. 1-30) Dordrecht: Springer.

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Chirkov, V. I. (2011) Dialectical relationships among human autonomy, the brain, and culture. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Human autonomy in cross-cultural contexts: Perspectives on the psychology of agency, freedom, and well-being. (pp. 65-92) Dordrecht: Springer.

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Lynch, M.Vansteenkiste, M.Deci, E. L.Ryan, R. M. (2011) Autonomy as process and outcome: Revisiting cultural and practical issues in motivation for counselling. The Counseling Psychologist, 39(2) ,286–302

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Miller, J. G.Das, R.Chakravarthy, S. (2011) Culture and the role of choice in agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101 ,46–61

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Mestre, S.Pais-Ribeiro, J. (2011) Applying self-determination theory to help obese Portuguese individuals. In I. Brdar (Ed.), The human pursuit of well-being: A cultural approach. (pp. 247-255) New York, NY: Springer.

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2011) A self-determination theory perspective on social, institutional, cultural, and economic supports for autonomy and their importance for well-being. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Human autonomy in cross-cultural context: Perspectives on the psychology of agency, freedom, and well-being. (pp. 45-64) Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

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Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M. (2011) Positive psychology and self-determination theory: A natural interface. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Human autonomy in cross-cultural context: Perspectives on the psychology of agency, freedom, and well-being. (pp. 33-44) Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

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Ferguson, Y. L., Kasser, T.Jahng, S. (2011) Differences in life satisfaction and school satisfaction among adolescents from three nations: The role of perceived autonomy support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21 ,649-661

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Kasser, T. (2011) Cultural values and the well-being of future generations: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42 ,206-215

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Kasser, T. (2011) Capitalism and autonomy. In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan, & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Human autonomy in cross-cultural context: Perspectives on the psychology of agency, freedom, and well-being. (pp. 191-206) Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

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Gagné, M., Forest, J.Gilbert, M. H.Aubé, C. (2010) The motivation at work scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70 ,628–646

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Moustaka, F. C.Vlachopoulos, S. P.Vazou, S.Kaperoni, M. (2010) Initial validity evidence for the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire-2 among Greek exercise participants. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26 ,269–276

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Lekes, N.Gingras, I., Philippe, F. L., Koestner, R. (2010) Parental autonomy-support, intrinsic life goals, and well-being among adolescents in China and North America. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39 ,858-869

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Lynch, M. F., La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M. (2009) On being yourself in different cultures: Ideal and actual self-concept, autonomy support, and well-being in China, Russia, and the United States. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4 ,290-304

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Zhou, M.Ma, W. J., Deci, E. L. (2009) The importance of autonomy for rural Chinese children’s motivation for learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 19 ,492-498

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Luciano, M. (2009) Autonomy and relatedness reconsidered: Learning from the Inuit. Culture & Psychology, 15 ,451–462

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Sheldon, K. M.Abad, N.Omoile, J. (2009) Testing Self-Determination Theory via Nigerian and Indian adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33 ,451–459

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Wang, C. K. J., Hagger, M. S., Liu, W. C. (2009) A cross-cultural validation of perceived locus of causality scale in physical education context. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2) ,313-325

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Bao, X.Lam, S. (2008) Who makes the choice? Rethinking the role of autonomy and relatedness in Chinese children’s motivation. Child Development, 79 ,269-283

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Csillik, A. S.Merdy, T. L. (2007) Type de motivation: Et engagement du processus motivationnel chez les personnes dependantes.  [Types of motivation and engagement of the motivational processes in dependent subjects]. Alcoologie et Addictologie, 29 ,9-15

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Chirkov, V. I., Vansteenkiste, M.Tao, R., Lynch, M. F. (2007) The role of self-determined motivation and goals for the study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31 ,199-222

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Rudy, D., Sheldon, K. M.Awong, T.Tan, H. (2007) Autonomy, culture, and well-being: The benefits of inclusive autonomy. Journal of Research in Personality, 41 ,983-1007

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Downie, M.Chau, S. N., Koestner, R.Barrios, M. (2007) The relations of parental autonomy support to cultural internalization and well-being on immigrants and sojourners. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13 ,241-249

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Chirkov, V. I. (2007) Culture, personal autonomy and individualism: Their relationships and implications for personal growth and well-being. In G. Zheng, K. Leung & J. G. Adair (Eds.), Perspectives and progress in contemporary cross-cultural psychology. (pp. 247-263) Beijing, China: China Light Industry Press.

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Vansteenkiste, M.Lens, W., Soenens, B.Luyckx, K. (2006) Autonomy and relatedness among Chinese sojourners and applicants: Conflictual or independent predictors of well-being and adjustment?. Motivation and Emotion, 30 ,273-282

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2006) Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determiniation, and will?. Journal of Personality, 74 ,1557-1586

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Wang, C. K. J.Chia, Y. H. M.Quek, J. J., Liu, W. C. (2006) Patterns of physical activity, sedentary behaviors and psychological determinants of physical activity among Singaporean school children. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4 ,227-249

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Grouzet, F. M., Kasser, T.Ahuvia, A.Dols, J. M. F. (2005) The structure of goals across 15 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 ,800-816

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Vansteenkiste, M.Zhou, M.Lens, W., Soenens, B. (2005) Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners: Vitalizing or immobilizing?. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97 ,468-483

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Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M.Willness, C. (2005) Cultural context and psychological needs in Canada and Brazil: Testing a self-determination approach to the internalization of cultural practices, identity, and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36 ,423-443

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Lynch, M. F., Ryan, R. M. (2004) In H. W. Marsh, J. Baumert, G. E. Richards, & U. Trautwein (Eds)., On being yourself: Consistency versus authenticity of self-concept in cultural and interpersonal contexts. Sydney, Australia: SELF Research Centre, University Of Western Sydney

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Levesque, C. S., Blais, M. R.Hess, U. (2004) Motivation, comportements organisationnels discretionnaires et bien-etre en milieu Africain: Quand le devoir oblige? [Motivation, discretionary organizational behaviors, and wellbeing in an African setting: When is it a duty?]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 36 ,321-332

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Levesque, C. S., Blais, M. R.Hess, U. (2004) Dynamique motivationnelle de l’epuisement et du bien-etre chez des enseignants africains.[Motivational dynamic of burnout and well-being in African teachers.]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 36 ,190-201

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Lynch, M. F. (2004) Bazovye Potrebnosti I Subjektyvnoye Blagopoluchye S Tochki Zrenya Teorii Samodeterminatsii [Basic Needs And Well-being: A Self-determination Theory View]. Psikhologiya, 1 ,137-142

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Sheldon, K. M.Elliot, A. J., Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V. I. (2004) Self-concordance and subjective well-being in four cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35 ,209-223

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Downie, M., Koestner, R.ElGeledi, S. (2004) The impact of cultural internalization and integration on well-being among tricultural individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 ,305-314

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Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2003) In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. New York: The Guilford Press ,253-274

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Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y.Kaplan, U. (2003) Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 ,97-110

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Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M. (2001) Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32 ,618-635

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Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M.Leone, D. R. (2001) Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern Bloc country. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8) ,930-942

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Sheldon, K. M.Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., Kasser, T. (2001) What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 ,325-339

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Schmuck, P., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M. (2000) The relationship of well-being to intrinsic and extrinsic goals in Germany and the U.S. Social Indicators Research, 50 ,225-241

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Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V. I., Little, T. D., Sheldon, K. M. (1999) The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(12) ,1509-1524

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Hayamizu, T. (1997) Between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Examination of reasons for academic study based on the theory of internalization. Japanese Psychological Research, 39 ,98-108

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