Geoffrey Williams

Besel, J. M., & Williams, G. C. (2023). The ethics and practice of autonomy supportive medicine. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory (pp. 837-860). : Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197600047.013.40

Nelson, L. E., Wheeler, D. P., Wilton, L., Whitfield, D. L., Williams, G. C., Mayer, K. H., Komárek, A., Boyd, D. T., Beauchamp, G., & Fields, S. D. (2022). . In , Client‐centered care coordination (C4TM) for HIV/STI prevention: A theoretical, conceptual, and methodological overview—HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) 073 (Vol 19, pp. 1365-1382). : . doi: 10.1007/s13178-022-00687-x

Niemiec, C. P., Olafsen, A. H., Halvari, H., & Williams, G. C. (2022). Losing sleep over work: A self-determination theory view on need frustration, sleep disturbance, and mental ill health. Stress and Health, 38(4), 790-803. doi: 10.1002/smi.3134

Moller, A. C., Olafsen, A. H., Jager, A. J., Kao, A. C., & Williams, G. C. (2022). Motivational mechanisms underlying physicians’ occupational health: A self-determination theory perspective. Medical Care Research and Review, 79(2), 255-266. doi: 10.1177/10775587211007748

Halvari, A., Ivarsson, A., Halvari, H., Olafsen, A. H., Solstad, B., Niemiec, C. P., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2021). A prospective study of knowledge sharing at work based on Self-Determination Theory. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6(1), 5. doi: 10.16993/sjwop.140

Ntoumanis, N., Williams, G. C., Ng, J. Y. Y., Prestwich, A., Quested, E., Hancox, J. E., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Lonsdale, C. (2021). . In , A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: Effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health (Vol 15(2), pp. 214-244). : . doi: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1718529

Olafsen, A. H., Niemiec, C. P., Deci, E. L., Halvari, H., Nilsen, E. R., & Williams, G. C. (2021). Mindfulness buffers the adverse impact of need frustration on employee outcomes: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 00, 1-14. doi: 10.1002/jts5.93

Teixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Silva, M. N., Brunet, J., Duda, J. L., Haerens, L., La Guardia, J., Lindwall, M., Lonsdale, C., Markland, D., Michie, S., Moller, A. C., Ntoumanis, N., Patrick, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., Sebire, S. J., Standage, M., Vansteenkiste, M., Weinstein, N., Weman, K., Williams, G. C., & Hagger, M. S. (2020). . In , A classification of motivation and behavior change techniques used in self-determination theory-based interventions in health contexts (Vol 6(4), pp. 438-455). : . doi: 10.1037/mot0000172

Halvari, A., Halvari, H., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2020). Motivation and anxiety for dental treatment and dental attendance: The roles of the locus of causality personality and treatment styles. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(3), 133-144. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12645

Moller, A. C., Jager, A.J., Williams, G. C., & Kao, A.C. (2019). U.S. physicians' work motivation and their occupational health: A national survey of practicing physicians. Medical Care, 57, 334-340. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001101

Murray, A., Matthews, J., Hall, A., Williams, G. C., McDonough, S. M., Ntoumanis, N., Taylor, I., Jackson, B., Copsey, B., & Hurley, D. A. (2019). Assessing physiotherapists’ communication skills for promoting patient autonomy for self-management: reliability and validity of the communication evaluation in rehabilitation tool. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(14), 1699-1705. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1443159

Halvari, A., Halvari, H., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2019). . In , Autonomy-supportive dental treatment, oral health-related eudaimonic well-being and oral health: A randomized clinical trial (Vol 34(6), pp. 1-16). : . doi: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1613546

Halvari, A., Halvari, H., Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (2017). . In , Predicting dental attendance from dental hygienists' autonomy support and patients' autonomous motivation: A randomized clinical trial (Vol 32(2), pp. 127-144). : . doi: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1244536

Lonsdale, C., Hurley, D. A., Hall, A. M., Murray, A., Williams, G. C., McDonough, S. M., Ntoumanis, N., Owen, K., Schwarzer, R., & Parker, P., Kolt, G. S. (2017). . In , Communication skills training for practitioners to increase patient adherence to home-based rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Results of a cluster randomized controlled trial (Vol 98, pp. 1732-1743). : . doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.025

Olafsen, A. H., Niemiec, C. P., Halvari, H., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2017). On the dark side of work: A longitudinal analysis using self-determination theory. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 275-285. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2016.1257611

Smit, E.S., Dima, A.L., Immerzeel, S.A.M., van den Putte, B., & Williams, G. C. (2017). The Virtual Care Climate Questionnaire: Development and validation of a questionnaire measuring perceived support for autonomy in a virtual care setting. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(5), e155. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6714

Williams, G. C., Niemiec, C. P., Patrick, H., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2016). . In , Outcomes of the Smoker’s Health Project: A pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory (Vol 31(6), pp. 749-759). : . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyw046

Martinez, K. A., Resnicow, K., Williams, G. C., Silva, M. N., Abrahamse, P., Shumway, D. A., Wallner, L. P., Katz, S. J., & Hawley, S. T. (2016). Does physician communication style impact patient report of decision quality for breast cancer treatment?. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(12), 1947-1954. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.025

Kullgren, J. T., Williams, G. C., Resnicow, K., An, L. C., Rothberg, A., Volpp, K. G., & Heisler, M. (2016). The promise of tailoring incentives for healthy behaviors. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 9(1), 2-16. doi: 10.1108/IJWHM-12-2014-0060

Halvari, H., Healey, J., Olafsen, A. H., Byrkjeland, R., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2016). . In , Physical activity and motivational predictors of changes in health behavior and health among DM2 and CAD patients (Vol 27(11), pp. 1454–1469). : . doi: 10.1111/sms.12757

Rouse, P. C., Duda, J. L., Ntoumanis, N., Jolly, K., & Williams, G. C. (2016). The development and validation of the Interpersonal Support in Physical Activity Consultations Observational Tool. European Journal of Sport Science, 16, 106-114. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.987320

Gonzalez, M. G., Swanson, D. P., Lynch, M. F., & Williams, G. C. (2016). Testing satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and physical and mental health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 972-982. doi: doi: 10.1177/1359105314543962

Block, R., Niemiec, C. P., Rigby, C. S., & Williams, G. C. (2016). Virtual clinician need support, health-behavior change, and its maintenance. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 10(3), 667. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.03.033

Murray, A., Hall, A. M., Williams, G. C., McDonough, S. M., Ntoumanis, N., et al., & Lonsdale, C. (2015). Effect of a self-determination theory–based communication skills training program on physiotherapists' psychological support for their patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(5), 809-816. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.11.007

Shumway, D., Griffith, K. A., Jagsi, R., Gabram, S. G., Williams, G. C., & Resnicow, K. (2015). Psychometric properties of a brief measure of autonomy support in breast cancer patients. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 15, 51. doi: 10.1186/s12911-015-0172-4

Schultz, P., Ryan, R. M., Niemiec, C. P., Legate, N., & Williams, G. C. (2015). Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being. Mindfulness, 6, 971-985. doi: 10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7

Duda, J. L., Jolly, K., Williams, G. C., Ntoumanis, N., Daley, A., Eves, F.F., Mutrie, N., Rouse, P.C., Lodhia, R., & Blamey, R.V. (2014). Effects of a standard provision versus an autonomy supportive exercise referral programme on physical activity, quality of life and well-being indicators. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, 10. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2013.10.006

Williams, G. C., Niemiec, C. P., Elliot, A., La Guardia, J. G., Gorin, A. A., & Rigby, C. S. (2014). . In , Virtual look AHEAD program: Initial support for a partly virtualized intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes (Vol 37, pp. 169-170). : . doi: 10.2337/dc14-0831

Williams, G. C., Halvari, H., Niemiec, C. P., Sorebo, O., Olafsen, A. H., & Westbye, C. (2014). Managerial support for basic psychological needs, somatic symptom burden and work-related correlates: A self-determination theory perspective. Work & Stress, 28(4), 404-419. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2014.971920

Lamberti, J. S., Russ, A., Cerulli, C., Weisman, R. L., Jacobowitz, D., & Williams, G. C. (2014). Patient experiences of autonomy and coercion while receiving legal leverage in forensic assertive community treatment. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(4), 222-230. doi: 10.1097/01.HRP.0000450448.48563.c1

Britton, P. C., VanOrden, K. A., Hirsch, J. K., Niemiec, C. P., & Williams, G. C. (2014). Basic psychological needs, suicidal ideation, and risk for suicidal behavior in young adults. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 362-371. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12074

Morse, D. S., Cerulli, C., Bedell, P., Wilson, J., Thomas, K., et al., & Williams, G. C. (2014). Meeting health and psychological needs of women in drug treatment court. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46(2), 150-157. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2013.08.017

Schmidt, K., Gensichen, J., Petersen, J. J., Szecsenyi, J., Walther, M., Williams, G. C., & Freund, T. (2012). Autonomy support in primary care-validation of the German version of the Health Care Climate Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65, 206-211.

Lonsdale, C., Hall, A., Williams, G. C., McDonough, S. M., Ntoumanis, N., Murray, A., & Hurley, D. (2012). . In , Communication style and exercise compliance in physiotherapy (CONNECT). A cluster randomized controlled trial to test a theory-based intervention to increase chronic low back pain patients’ adherence to physiotherapists’ recommendations: Study rationale, design, and methods (Vol 13(104), pp. 1-15). : . doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-104

Morse, D. S., Schiff, M., Levit, S., Cohen-Moreno, R., Williams, G. C., & Neumark, Y. (2012). A pilot training program for a motivational enhancement approach to hepatitis C virus treatment among individuals in Israeli methadone treatment centers. Substance Abuse and Misuse, 47, 56-66.

Williams, G. C., & Niemiec, C. P. (2012). Positive affect and self-affirmation are beneficial, but do they facilitate maintenance of health-behavior change? A self-determination theory perspective. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 327-328.

Vansteenkiste, M., Williams, G. C., & Resnicow, K. (2012). Toward systematic integration between self-determination theory and motivational interviewing as examples of top-down and bottom-up intervention development: Autonomy or volition as a fundamental theoretical principle. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 23. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-23

Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 325-340. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309

Patrick, H., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory: Its application to health behavior and complementarity with motivational interviewing. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 18.

Brown, D. L., Williams, G. C., Conley, K. M., Resnicow, K., Murphy, J., Sanchez, B. N., Cowdery, J. E., Sais, E., Lisabeth, L. D., & Skolarus, L. E. (2012). Stroke Health and Risk Education (SHARE): Design, methods, and theoretical basis. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 33, 721-729.

Golub, N., Geba, D., Mousa, S. A., Williams, G. C., & Block, R. C. (2011). Greasing the wheels of managing overweight and obesity with omega-3 fatty acids. Medical Hypotheses, 77, 1114–1120.

Pesis-Katz, I., Williams, G. C., Niemiec, C. P., & Fiscella, K. (2011). . In , Cost-effectiveness of intensive tobacco dependence intervention based on self-determination theory (Vol 17, pp. e393-e398). : .

Williams, G. C., Patrick, H., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & McGregor, H. A. (2011). . In , The smoker’s health project: A self-determination theory intervention to facilitate maintenance of tobacco abstinence (Vol 32, pp. 535-543). : . doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.002

Williams, G. C., Teixeira, P. J., Carraca, E. V., & Resnicow, K. (2011). Physical wellness, health care, and personal autonomy. In V. I. Chirkov, et al. (Eds.), Human autonomy in cross-cultural context (Vol 1, pp. 133-162). New York, NY: Springer.

Shaikh, A. R., Vinokur, A. D., Yaroch, A. L., Williams, G. C., & Resnicow, K. (2011). . In , Direct and mediated effects of two theoretically based interventions to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in the healthy body healthy spirit trial (Vol 38, pp. 492–501). : .

Rouse, P. C., Ntoumanis, N., Duda, J. L., Jolly, K., & Williams, G. C. (2011). In the beginning: Role of autonomy support on the motivation, mental health and intentions of participants entering an exercise referral scheme. Psychology and Health, 26, 729–749.

Ten Cate, T. J., Kusurkar, R. A., & Williams, G. C. (2011). How self-determination theory can assist our understanding of the teaching and learning processes in medical education. AMEE Guide No. 59, Medical Teacher, 33:12, 961-973. doi: 10.3109/0142159x.2011.595435

Ten Cate, T.J., Kusurkar, R. A., & Williams, G. C. (2011). How self-determination theory can assist our understanding of the teaching and learning processes in medical education. AMEE Guide No. 59, Medical Teacher, 33:12, 961–973.

Britton, P. C., Patrick, H., Wenzel, A., & Williams, G. C. (2011). Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory with cognitive behavioral therapy to prevent suicide. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 16–27.

Lonsdale, C., Murray, A., Tenant Humphries, M., McDonough, S., Williams, G. C., & Hurley, D. (2010). . In , Testing a theory-based intervention designed to increase chronic low back pain patients’ adherence to physiotherapists’ recommendations: A pilot study (Vol 32, pp. S192-193). : .

Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Patrick, H., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2010). The energization of health-behavior change: Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 122-138. doi: 10.1080/17439760903569162

Patrick, H., Gorin, A. A., & Williams, G. C. (2010). Lifestyle change and maintenance in obesity treatment and prevention: A self-determination theory perspective. In L. Dube (Ed.), Obesity prevention: The role of brain and society on individual behavior (pp. 365-374). London, England: Academic Press.

Seymour, R. B., Hughes, S. L., Ory, M. G., Elliot, D. L., Kirby, K. C., Migneault, J., Patrick, H., Roll, J. M., & Williams, G. C. (2010). A lexicon for measuring maintenance of behavior change. American Journal of Health Behavior, 34, 660-668.

Ryan, R. M., Williams, G. C., Patrick, H., & Deci, E. L. (2009). Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6, 107-124.

Williams, G. C., Niemiec, C. P., Patrick, H., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). . In , The importance of supporting autonomy and perceived competence in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence (Vol 37, pp. 315-324). : . doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9090-y

Fortier, M. S., Williams, G. C., Sweet, S. N., & Patrick, H. (2009). Self-determination theory: Process models for health behavior change. In R. J. DiClemente, R. A. Crosby, and M. C. Kegler (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research (pp. 157-183). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Williams, G. C., Patrick, H., Niemiec, C. P., Williams, L. K., Divine, G., Lafata, J. E., Heisler, M., Tunceli, K., & Pladevall M. (2009). Reducing the health risks of diabetes: How self-determination theory may help improve medication adherence and quality of life. The Diabetes Educator, 35, 484-492. doi: 10.1177/0145721709333856

Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2009). Aspiring to physical health: The role of aspirations for physical health in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence. Patient Education and Counseling, 74, 250-257.

Williams, G. C., Jolly, K., Duda, J. L., Daley, A., Eves, F., Mutrie, N., Ntoumanis, N., Rouse, P. C., & Lodhia, R. (2009). Evaluation of a standard provision versus an autonomy promotive exercise referral programme: Rationale and study design. BMC Public Health, 9, 176.

Patrick, H., & Williams, G. C. (2009). Self-determination in medical education: Encouraging medical educators to be more like blues artists and poets. Theory and Research in Education, 7, 184-193.

Britton, P. C., Williams, G. C., & Conner, K. R. (2008). Self-determination theory, motivational interviewing, and the treatment of clients with acute suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 52-66.

Ryan, R. M., Patrick, H., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2008). . In , Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on self-determination theory (Vol 10, pp. 2-5). : .

Levesque, C. S., Williams, G. C., Elliot D., Pickering, M. A., Bodenhamer, B., & Finley, P. J (2007). Validating the theoretical structure of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) across three different health behaviors. Health Education Research, 22(5), 691-702. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl148

Williams, G. C., Lynch, M. F., & Glasgow, R. E. (2007). . In , Computer-assisted intervention improves patient-centered diabetes care by increasing autonomy support (Vol 26, pp. 728-734). : . doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.6.728

Fortier, M. S., Sweet, S. N., O’Sullivan, T. L., & Williams, G. C. (2007). A self-determination process model of physical activity adoption in the context of a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport And Exercise, 8, 741-757.

Williams, G. C., McGregor, H. A., Sharp, D., Levesque, C. S., Kouides, R. W., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). . In , Testing a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial (Vol 25(1), pp. 91-101). : . doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.91

Williams, G. C., McGregor, H. A., Sharp, D., Kouides, R. W., Levesque, C. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). . In , A self-determination multiple risk intervention trial to improve smokers’ health (Vol 21, pp. 1288-1294). : .

Williams, G. C., McGregor, H. A., Zeldman, A., Freedman, Z. R., Elder, D., & Deci, E. L. (2005). . In , Promoting glycemic control through diabetes self-management: Evaluating a patient activation intervention (Vol 56, pp. 28-34). : . doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2003.11.008

Williams, G. C., Gagné, M., Mushlin, A. I., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Motivation for behavior change in patients with chest pain. Health Education, 105, 304-321.

Williams, G. C., McGregor, H. A., King, D., Nelson, C. C., & Glasgow, R. E. (2005). Variation in perceived competence, glycemic control, and patient satisfaction: Relationship to autonomy support from physicians. Patient Education and Counseling, 57, 39-45.

Williams, G. C., Frankel, R. M.,, Campbell, T. L.,, & Deci, E. L. (2004). The science of the art of medicine: Research on the biopsychosocial approach to health care. In R. M. Frankel, T. E. Quill, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), The biopsychosocial approach: Past, present, future (pp. 109-122). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Williams, G. C., McGregor, H. A., Zeldman, A., Freedman, Z. R., Deci, E. L., & Elder, D. (2004). Testing a self-determination theory process model for promoting glycemic control through diabetes self-management. Health Psychology, 23, 58-66. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.1.58

Williams, G. C., Levesque, C. S., Zeldman, A., Wright, S., & Deci, E. L. (2003). Health care practitioners' motivation for tobacco-dependence counseling. Health Education Research, 18, 538-553. doi: 10.1093/her/cyf042

Williams, G. C., Zeldman, A., Wright, S., & Deci, E. L. (2003). Health care practitioners' motivation for tobacco-dependence counseling. Health Education Research, 18, 538-553.

Sheldon, K. M., Williams, G. C., & Joiner, T. (2003). Self-determination theory in the clinic: Motivating physical and mental health. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Joiner, T. E., Sheldon, K. M., Williams, G. C., & Pettit, J. (2003). The integration of self-determination principles and scientifically informed treatments is the next tier. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 318-319.

Sheldon, K. M., Joiner, T. E., Pettit, J. W., & Williams, G. C. (2003). Reconciling humanistic ideals and scientific clinical practice. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 302-315.

Williams, G. C., Minicucci, D. S., Kouides, R. W., Levesque, C. S., Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Self-determination, smoking, diet and health. Health Education Research, 17, 512-521.

Williams, G. C., Gagné, M., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Facilitating autonomous motivation for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 21, 40-50. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.21.1.40

Williams, G. C. (2002). Improving patients' health through supporting the autonomy of patients and providers. In E. L. Deci, & R. M. Ryan (Eds)., Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 233-254). Rochester, NY: University Of Rochester Press.

Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (2001). Activating patients for smoking cessation through physician autonomy support. Medical Care, 39, 813-823.

Williams, G. C., Frankel, R., Campbell, T. L., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Research on relationship-centered care and health-care outcomes from the Rochester biopsychosocial program: A self-determination theory integration. Families, Systems & Health, 18, 79-90.

Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Hedberg, V.,, & Deci, E. L. (2000). Extrinsic life goals and health risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(8), 1756-1771. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02466.x

Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Kouides, R., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Presenting the facts about smoking to adolescents: The effects of an autonomy supportive style. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 959-964. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.153.9.959

Williams, G. C., Saizow, R. B., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). The importance of self-determination theory for medical education. Academic Medicine, 74(9), 992-995. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199909000-00010

Williams, G. C., Freedman, Z. R., & Deci, E. L. (1998). Supporting autonomy to motivate glucose control in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 21(10), 1644-1651. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.10.1644

Williams, G. C., Rodin, G. C., Ryan, R. M., Grolnick, W. S., & Deci, E. L. (1998). Autonomous regulation and adherence to long-term medical regimens in adult outpatients. Health Psychology, 17, 269-276.

Williams, G. C., Rodin, G. C., Ryan, R. M., Grolnick, W. S., & Deci, E. L. (1998). Autonomous regulation and long-term medication adherence in adult outpatients. Health Psychology, 17(3), 269-76. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.17.3.269

Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (1998). The importance of supporting autonomy in medical education. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129, 303-308.

Williams, G. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1998). Building health-care partnerships by supporting autonomy: Promoting maintained behavior change and positive health outcomes. In A. L. Suchman, P. Hinton-Walker, & R. Botelho (Eds.), Partnerships in healthcare: Transforming relational process (pp. 67-87). Rochester, NY: University Of Rochester Press..

Williams, G. C., Saizow, R., Ross, L., & Deci, E. L. (1997). Motivation underlying career choice for internal medicine and surgery. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1705-1713.

Williams, G. C., Grow, V. M., Freedman, Z. R., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1996). Motivational predictors of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 115-126. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.115

Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (1996). Internalization of biopsychosocial values by medical students: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 767-779. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.4.767

Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1996). Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 165-183.

Williams, G. C., Wiener, M. W., Markakis, K. M., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (1994). Medical student motivation for internal medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 9, 327-333.